Impact Of Nano mechanics of carbon nanotubes and carbon nanotube composites
Write a research paper about:
Nano mechanics of carbon nanotubes and carbon nanotube composites.
in the introduction, I want an introductory about the Nanomechanics of
carbon nano tube and nanotube composites. I want the body of the report
to be about the application of the Nano mechanics of nanotube carbon and
nanotube composites and the technology and the what is the advantages of
them on the world and how can we used them. in conclusion I want a
recommendations of them like what else we can do with the Nano
mechanics of CNT and nanotube composite, and summary for the main
points of the report.
For the body, it will be nice if you could put subtitles, or branches.
this report should be :
minimum 15 pages (excluding figures),1.5 line spacing, 12 point font. so
between 15-20 pages no more that that.
Solution
Introduction
Discovered in 1991, Carbon nanotubes have in fact become the new form of carbon
discovered (Iijima & Ichihashi, 1993). This form of carbon has become a remarkable compound
primarily because of its unique properties that has created a platform for other fields such as
physics, chemistry, and science in general to excel. The multi-wall carbon nanotubes was
discovered by Iijima in the year 1991 and since then numerous experimental and theoretical
studies of their properties were performed in order to ascertain the ability of this compound.
Apparently, the carbon nanotubes are considered chemically stable with diverse electronic
properties that make the product extremely strong. As a result, they have been place as a
potential and fundamental building block with the subsequent growth in the nanotechnology
field. Ideally, the low density, high strength, broad range of electronic properties, and high
stiffness of the nanotubes has mammoth its potential applications in different fields.
The carbon nanotubes have two structurally divergent classes including the multiwall and
the single walled carbon nanotubes. Nanocomposite on the other hand is a multiphase solid
material that has one of the phases with one, two, or three dimensions. In this case, the
dimensions must be of less than 100nm. In addition, the solid material is characterized by
structures with nano-scale between the different phases used in making the material. This solid
material is found in nature for example the abalone shell and bone among other natural materials.
The nanocomposites are different from the conventional composite materials. The difference is
prevalent with the nanocomposites characterized with exceptionally higher surface to volume
ratio of the reinforced phase compared to the composite materials.
Nanomechanics of Carbon Nanotubes
Looking at it from a structural point of view, it makes more sense to think of carbon
nanotubes as single sheets of grapheme that has been rolled into a cylindrical shape. The
cylindrical shape needs to have an axial symmetry and diameters of between 0.2 and 10nm. In
addition, it is imperative to ensure that the rolling-up of the grapheme sheet is described using a
chiral vector expressed as shown below.
In this case, n and m are integers representing the chiral indices. In addition, the modulus of a 1 is
equal to the modulus of a 2, which is also equivalent to 2.49. Nanotubes are believed to be good
NANOMATERIALS IN ENERGY 5
semiconductors depending on their chirality. As a result, the carbon nanotubes are produced with
a distribution of chiralities and electrical properties. It is important also to note that no real
control is imposed. There is a close relationship between the carbon nanotubes and graphite the
high Young’s modulus is responsible for the main features in as far as the electronic properties
that govern the weak van der Waals interlayer cohesion is concerned. There is therefore no better
way of bringing out the relationship between carbon nanotubes with mechanical properties than
using the Young’s modulus at the nanoscale (Baughman, Zakhidov, & de Heer, 2002, p. 790).
The Nanocomposite Technology
Numerous experimental and theoretical studies have been performed as a platform to try
to understand the functionality of the nanocomposite technology in terms of the electronic,
chemical, and mechanical properties. The chemical and electrical properties have been proven to
predict an extreme strength of the nanotubes in the use of the nanotechnology concept. Ideally, it
is imperative to understand the mechanical properties of the nanotubes in the context of high
strength as a platform to comprehend the real ability of the material (Yakobson & Avouris, 2001,
p. 290).
The single-wall carbon nanotube is described as a tubular shell of a graphite sheet. In
addition, the body of this material is composed of hexagonal rings of carbon atoms. They form a
natural curvature, which is because of the topological ring (Azonano, 2009). The topological
rings aim at giving a positive curvature to the surface while at the same time ensuring that the
tube is closed at both ends. On the other hand, the multi-wall nanotube is a rolled-up stack of the
grapheme sheets into a concentric sing-wall carbon nanotube (Jones & Bekkedahl, 1997, p. 377).
Again, the ends can either be capped halfway or just be left open. The single and multi-wall
nanotubes are known to be very good elastic and mechanical properties mainly because of their
two-dimensional arrangement of carbon atoms in the grapheme sheet. The atoms provide room
for large out-of-plane distortions without compromising on the strength of the carbon-carbon in-
plane bonds. As a result, the mechanical property provides room for the nanotubes to be used in
creating the next generation of materials that are lightweight but at the same time very strong and
highly elastic (Journet, et al., 1997, p. 757).
Apparently, the nanocomposites technology has become a known phenomenon with
significant efforts put in place to ensure that nanostructures are created using synthetic
NANOMATERIALS IN ENERGY 6
approaches that are considered highly innovative. The nanocomposite materials are innovated
products that have nano fillers that are densely dispersed in the matrix. As a result, the filter like
particles, fibers, and fragments are bided together as units of matrix. The market has currently
seen the development of composite materials such as fibreglasses and other reinforced plastics
used in numerous applications. The nanocomposite technology has in this case been applied as a
tool that makes it possible to control melting temperature, magnetic properties, charge capacity,
and color among other properties without having to change the chemical composition of the
material.
The nanocomposite technology has also played an imperative role in the creation of
nano-particles that have a higher surface to volume rations hence making the materials the ideal
materials to use in polymeric materials (Ray & Okamoto, 2003, p. 1560). Even in the creation of
the nanocomposite materials, the materials created are not only a function of their individual
properties but also on their morphology and interfacial properties and characteristics. In fact, in
other cases, some nanocomposite materials may even be a thousand times tougher than their bulk
component. More scholars are investing their resources in trying to deepen their understanding in
as far as the nanocomposite organic and inorganic materials are concerned. Nanocomposite
technology has a promising future in as far as extensive application is concerned. This is
especially true in the case of the mechanically reinforced lightweight components, sensors,
battery cathodes, nano-wires, and other non-linear optics.
The Application of the Nano Mechanics of Nanotube Carbon and Nanotube Composites
As it has been explained above, it has theoretically and experimentally proven that indeed
carbon nanotubes are characterized by an exceptional high stiffness and strength that make it
have a high aspect ratio and a relatively lower density. As a result, the material has the ability to
hold reinforcements and nanocomposites. Carbon nanotubes and other related materials are
indeed some of the most widely studies Nanomaterials mainly because it shares a lot of diversity
in as far as the areas of application are concerned. The carbon nanotubes share a lot of
uniqueness in as far as mechanical, electrical, thermal, and other optical properties are
concerned. As a result of their strong mechanical properties, carbon nanotubes seem to the most
proffered in as far as the novel Nanomaterials are concerned (Alexandre & Dubois, 2000, p. 11).
NANOMATERIALS IN ENERGY 7
The application of the material is also based on its elastic modulus and the tensile
strength when compared to other materials. Nanotube sheets, films, and membranes have been
proposed as the best materials to use for actuating, structural, filtration, and electrochemical
systems. This is again because of the unique and robust mechanical properties that are attached
to the materials. The use of the material results in a stiffer and porous films that are suitable for
polymer composites (Ajayan, & Zhou, 2001, p. 399).
All types of nanocomposite materials have a positive impact in as far as the properties of
a material are concerned. This implies that the application of any class of nanocomposite
materials results in a new and improved properties in comparison to the macro composite
counterparts. This therefore implies that this concept can be employed in areas such as
mechanically reinforced lightweight, battery cathodes, Ionics, and nanowires among other
systems. As a result, there has been a significant improvement in the automotive and the
industrial application. The idea has been employed in the automobile industry especially in the
areas of door handles, engine covers, timing belt covers, and intake manifolds among other areas.
This idea has played an imperative role in as far as improving the performance of the automotive
industry in the global market is concerned. The nanocomposites concept is also employed in
other general applications including the impellers and blades used in vacuum cleaners, the power
toll housings, pagers, and mobile phones among other areas (LeBaron, Wang, & Pinnavaia,
1999, p. 19).
Nanocomposite materials provide a company with the opportunity to maximize the use
better plastic products in creating elastic and stronger products (Lan & Pinnavaia, 1994, p. 2279).
The concept also allows development teams to employ exciting and new polymer enhancement
and option in modifications and creation of better products. This is because the concept is
utilized in creating proper choice of compatibilizing chemistries, which in this case involves an
interaction between the polymers and the nanometer-sized in a unique way. The application of
the concept ranges from the food and the nonfood industries, rigid containers, industrial
components, and managing distortions in production among other crucial variables in
production. The concept provides an opportunity for producer to create scratch resistant products
with the ability to survive even in an environment characterized by higher heat and too much
distortion.
NANOMATERIALS IN ENERGY 8
Researchers have played an imperative role in the application of nanocomposites in
aircrafts. Apparently, the idea was first invented by Toyota when the employed the nanocaly
concept that involved dispersion of the silicate nanolayer with its high aspect ratio, surface area,
and stiffness. The layered-silicate nanocomposites were since then applied in ranging automotive
and aerospace materials especially in the areas of food packaging and tissue engineering. The
epoxy materials have also been widely used in as far as adhesiveness, coatings, and electronics in
the aerospace world is concerned. The nanocomposite concept is also used in the designing of
aircrafts (Gilman, 1999, p. 36). This is because the epoxy system employed is characterized by
high degree glass transition temperature, good mechanical and physical performance, and
relatively low viscosity. It is also important to note that the high performance nanocomposites
are also used in the fuselage sinks in the aircrafts.
As mentioned above, the nanotube composite concept has also been embraced in the
food-packaging sector. The concept has taken its full course in food packaging mainly because
of the fact that there is a need to create a combined active and passive oxygen barrier system.
The oxygen transmission results in the reveal of substantial benefits that are provided by
nanocaly incorporation when compared to the base polymer. This benefit accrues from the
combined active and passive barrier system. The barrier characteristics have played an
imperative role especially in the packaging of processed foods including meats, cheese, cereals,
and confectionery among other processed foods (Caseri, 2000, p. 709). The use of
nanocomposites is for the purpose of increase the shelf life of these products since they are
products that are highly perishable. The carbon nanotubes are also used in preserving the
carbonated drinks so that that can also last longer.
Filler incorporation at nano-levels has also been confirmed to have significant effects in
as far as the transparency and haze characteristics in the film industry is concerned. When
compared to the conventionally filled polymers, nanocaly incorporation is seen to play a crucial
role in as far as enhancing transparency and reducing haze is concerned (Kato, A. U. I. N. H. M,
& Usik, 2005, p. 141). When polyamide based composites are used, the effect is perceived to be
because of the nanocaly particles and the sperilitic domain dimensions becoming smaller. It is
seen that the nano-modified polymers transparency materials play an instrumental role in
NANOMATERIALS IN ENERGY 9
enhancing the toughness and the hardness of the materials. As a result, the transmission
characteristics are not interfered with.
Nanocomposites have also been applied in the area of environmental protection. The
water-laden atmosphere is perceived to be the major activity that damages the environment. On
the other hand, polymeric materials have the potential of encountering this challenge by
minimizing the extent to which water is absorbed. Nanoclay incorporation plays an imperative
role in significantly reducing water absorption. Apparently, as increasing aspect ratio results in
the amount of water absorbed diminishing substantially. In addition, hydrophobicity
enhancements would also play a crucial role in promoting the improved nanocomposite
properties and at the same time diminish the extent of transmitting water to an underlying
substrate (Giannelis, 1998)). The nanoparticles would therefore play an important role in
protecting the environment from the usual damages as a result of the water-laden atmosphere.
The application is as far as there is contact with water or moist environments would therefore
work to the benefit of the nanoclay particles. This is because it will have created the best and
conducive atmosphere for protecting the environment.
Nanocomposites materials have also been used in the automobile industry. The
implementation of the idea into the mechanical stream was for the purpose of creating machine
parts that resistant to fracture and those that serve the customer longer because they have to
replace the machine part as a result of wear and tear. The nanocomposites are used in
strengthening portions in the automobile where higher efficiency is demanded. The world is
making radical changes towards investing in activities and technologies that will play an
important role in the fight against pollution.
The automobile industry also has its role to play in as far as the idea is concerned.
Polymeric nanocomposites fit the challenge in as far as creating automobiles that do not pollute
the environment is concerned. The polymeric nanocomposites are perfect to perform this role
because of the nanometer size features and polymeric nanocomposites (Cho & Paul, 2001, p.
1090). The two properties have resulted in the creation of products with unique properties
including heat resistant, barrier, and mechanical. These unique properties are combined with
recyclable polymers to produce lightweight but recyclable materials. In addition, the consumers
get a chance to enjoy aspects such as weight reduction, improved performance, aesthetics, and
NANOMATERIALS IN ENERGY 10
recyclability among other advantages and benefits. In fact, most of the cars currently produced in
the United States of America have an element of nanocomposite material, which in most cases is
carbon nanotube.
The carbon nanotube in this case plays an important role in as far as protecting the fuel
system against static electricity is concerned. General Motors have also been using a specific
type of nanocomposite in their cars referred to as a thermoplastic olefin. The material melts when
it is heated and has a molecular structure with two carbon atoms that are doubly bonded together
(Vaia, Vasudevan, Krawiec, Scanlon, & Giannelis, 1995, p. 155). The company also uses
nanocomposite to protect their products against scratch and rust. In 2001, Toyota Company also
employed the use of nanocomposites for creating bumpers that were 60% lighter. In addition,
they also wanted to create a product that is resistant to denting and scratching.
The manufacture of electronics has also embraced the use of nanocomposites in
production. In fact, the producers have invested in the use of conductive nanocomposites that are
capable of conducting electricity because of the electric charges in its structure. Most of the
manufacturers had previously implemented the use of polycarbonates in producing electronics.
However, the polycarbonates proved to be a poor conductor of electricity. Higher conductivities
can however be achieved by using the carbon nanotubes in order to create a highly conductive
nanocomposite. When nanotubes are combined with polycarbonates, a nanocomposite with ultra-
high conductive properties was created. When the plastics are mixed with the right amount of
carbon nanotubes, the inexpensive plastic that was used in making the optical discs will feature
in the high-end military aircrafts. It will play the role of protecting the device against electrical
charges and pulses. It is also important to note that when the right amount of carbon nanotubes is
mixed with polycarbonate, the electrical conductivity of the nanocomposite is likely to change.
The change is likely to shift from silicon to a few orders below what is normally achieved when
dealing with metals (Chan, Wu, Li, & Cheung, 2002, p. 2987).
Benefits of the Nanocomposites
Apparently, metals are known to be highly corrosive and with a failure rate of
conventional materials. As a result, the use of nanocomposites cannot be over-emphasized.
Nanocomposite materials have a nanoscale structure that plays a predominant role in improving
the macroscopic properties of the product. In fact, there is a vast difference between the
NANOMATERIALS IN ENERGY 11
conventional composite materials and the nanocomposite materials in as far as the mechanical
terms are concerned.
The reinforcing materials can be made from particles, sheets, clay, or fibres. It is also
important to note that the area of the interface between the matrix and the reinforcement phase
has a magnitude greater than the conventional composite materials. Another benefit in the use of
these materials in the fact that the coatings enable high speed and dry machining in production,
this is because of the superior cutting parameters involved in the commercial manufacturing
sectors. Nanocomposites play an imperative role in as far as enhancing the properties of a
material is concerned. This is because it results in the formation of the nanoscale aluminide
secondary phases. As a result, it increases the strength and carrion resistance. The material can
then be use in pipelines since the probability of corrosion and leakage is minimized. The
magnetic multilayered materials are an important aspect in as far as nanocomposite is concerned.
This is because it plays an imperative role in as far as the storage media is concerned (Chen, Zhu,
Wu, Han, & Wang, 2010, p. 2826).
The use of nanocomposites has become a very popular exercise in the world today. This
is because of the enormous level of benefits that is derived from using such materials. As a
result, multinational companies are spending resources worth millions and billions in research
and development in order to establish how they can be able to employ the nanocomposite
concept. The companies are investing their resources towards ensuring that they better their
approach to manufacturing and maximize the use of more durable nanocomposites products
especially in as far as energy is concerned.
Conclusion
Over the last decade, researchers have made a paramount contribution in as far as
understanding nanocomposite is concerned. The researchers aimed at understanding how this
concept can be applied in the manufacturing and industrial world in order to create better quality
of products that meet customer needs. In fact, researchers continue to identify how the concept
can be applied in other fields. One of the areas in the world that has succumbed to numerous
challenges is the health sector. This is mainly because of the high cost of accessing better and
quality health care services from the healthcare providers. Researcher therefore need to identify
how the concept of nanocomposite can be applied in the medical sector in order to create
NANOMATERIALS IN ENERGY 12
products that meet the demands of their target market. The medical professionals need to identify
how the concept can be applied in the manufacture of drugs in order to ensure that better drugs
are created in order to improve the health sector across the globe.
NANOMATERIALS IN ENERGY 13
Summary
Introduction
Carbon nanotubes was discovered in 1991
The multi-wall carbon nanotubes was discovered by Iijima in the year 1991 and since
then numerous experimental and theoretical studies of their properties were performed in
order to ascertain the ability of this compound.
The carbon nanotubes have two structurally divergent classes including the multiwall and
the single walled carbon nanotubes
The nanocomposites are different from the conventional composite materials
The difference is prevalent with the nanocomposites characterized with exceptionally
higher surface to volume ratio of the reinforced phase compared to the composite
materials
Nanomechanics of Carbon Nanotubes
It makes more sense to think of carbon nanotubes as single sheets of grapheme that has
been rolled into a cylindrical shape
Nanotubes are believed to be good semiconductors depending on their chirality
The carbon nanotubes are produced with a distribution of chiralities and electrical
properties
. There is a close relationship between the carbon nanotubes and graphite the high
Young’s modulus is responsible for the main features in as far as the electronic properties
that govern the weak van der Waals interlayer cohesion is concerned.
There is therefore no better way of bringing out the relationship between carbon
nanotubes with mechanical properties than using the Young’s modulus at the nanoscale
The Nanocomposite Technology
The chemical and electrical properties have been proven to predict an extreme strength of
the nanotubes in the use of the nanotechnology concept.
It is imperative to understand the mechanical properties of the nanotubes in the context of
high strength as a platform to comprehend the real ability of the material.
The single-wall carbon nanotube is described as a tubular shell of a graphite sheet
NANOMATERIALS IN ENERGY 14
The body of this material is composed of hexagonal rings of carbon atoms. They form a
natural curvature, which is because of the topological ring.
The topological rings aim at giving a positive curvature to the surface while at the same
time ensuring that the tube is closed at both ends.
The multi-wall nanotube is a rolled-up stack of the grapheme sheets into a concentric
sing-wall carbon nanotube. The ends can either be capped halfway or just be left open.
The single and multi-wall nanotubes are known to be very good elastic and mechanical
properties mainly because of their two-dimensional arrangement of carbon atoms in the
grapheme sheet.
Nanocomposites technology has become a known phenomenon with significant efforts
put in place to ensure that nanostructures are created using synthetic approaches that are
considered highly innovative
The nanocomposite materials are innovated products that have nano fillers that are
densely dispersed in the matrix
The nanocomposite technology has in this case been applied as a tool that makes it
possible to control melting temperature, magnetic properties, charge capacity, and color
among other properties without having to change the chemical composition of the
material.
The nanocomposite technology has also played an imperative role in the creation of
nano-particles that have a higher surface to volume rations hence making the materials
the ideal materials to use in polymeric materials.
Scholars are investing their resources in trying to deepen their understanding in as far as
the nanocomposite organic and inorganic materials are concerned
The Application of the Nano Mechanics of Nanotube Carbon and Nanotube Composites
Carbon nanotubes and other related materials are indeed some of the most widely
studies Nanomaterials mainly because it shares a lot of diversity in as far as the areas
of application are concerned.
The application of the material is also based on its elastic modulus and the tensile
strength when compared to other materials
NANOMATERIALS IN ENERGY 15
Nanotube sheets, films, and membranes have been proposed as the best materials to
use for actuating, structural, filtration, and electrochemical systems.
All types of nanocomposite materials have a positive impact in as far as the properties
of a material are concerned
The nanocomposites concept is also employed in other general applications including
the impellers and blades used in vacuum cleaners, the power toll housings, pagers,
and mobile phones among other areas
Nanocomposite materials provide a company with the opportunity to maximize the
use better plastic products in creating elastic and stronger products
The application of the concept ranges from the food and the nonfood industries, rigid
containers, industrial components, and managing distortions in production among
other crucial variables in production
The epoxy materials have also been widely used in as far as adhesiveness, coatings,
and electronics in the aerospace world is concerned.
The nanocomposite concept is also used in the designing of aircrafts
The nanotube composite concept has also been embraced in the food-packaging
sector
The oxygen transmission results in the reveal of substantial benefits that are provided
by nanocaly incorporation when compared to the base polymer
Filler incorporation at nano-levels has also been confirmed to have significant effects
in as far as the transparency and haze characteristics in the film industry is concerned.
When compared to the conventionally filled polymers, nanocaly incorporation is seen
to play a crucial role in as far as enhancing transparency and reducing haze is
concerned.
When polyamide based composites are used, the effect is perceived to be because of
the nanocaly particles and the sperilitic domain dimensions becoming smaller
Nanocomposites have also been applied in the area of environmental protection
Nanoclay incorporation plays an imperative role in significantly reducing water
absorption
NANOMATERIALS IN ENERGY 16
As increasing aspect ratio results in the amount of water absorbed diminishing
substantially.
Hydrophobicity enhancements would also play a crucial role in promoting the
improved nanocomposite properties and at the same time diminish the extent of
transmitting water to an underlying substrate
The manufacture of electronics has also embraced the use of nanocomposites in
production.
The producers have invested in the use of conductive nanocomposites that are capable
of conducting electricity because of the electric charges in its structure.
Most of the manufacturers had previously implemented the use of polycarbonates in
producing electronics.
The carbon nanotube plays an important role in as far as protecting the fuel system
against static electricity is concerned.
General Motors have also been using a specific type of nanocomposite in their cars
referred to as a thermoplastic olefin.
Benefits of the Nanocomposites
Metals are known to be highly corrosive and with a failure rate of conventional materials
Nanocomposite materials have a nanoscale structure that plays a predominant role in
improving the macroscopic properties of the product
Nanocomposites play an imperative role in as far as enhancing the properties of a
material is concerned
The companies are investing their resources towards ensuring that they better their
approach to manufacturing and maximize the use of more durable nanocomposites
products especially in as far as energy is concerned
Conclusion
Researchers need to identify how the concept of nanocomposite can be applied in the
medical sector in order to create products that meet the demands of their target market
NANOMATERIALS IN ENERGY 17
References
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(pp. 391-425). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
Alexandre, M., & Dubois, P. (2000). Polymer-layered silicate nanocomposites: preparation,
properties and uses of a new class of materials. Materials Science and Engineering: R:
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Azonano, (2009) Nanocomposites [Online] http://www.azonano.com/details.asp?ArticleID=1147
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Baughman, R. H., Zakhidov, A. A., & de Heer, W. A. (2002). Carbon nanotubes–the route
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Caseri, W. (2000). Nanocomposites of polymers and metals or semiconductors: historical
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Journet, C., Maser, W. K., Bernier, P., Loiseau, A., De La Chapelle, M. L., Lefrant, D. L. S., …
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Lan, T., & Pinnavaia, T. J. (1994). Clay-reinforced epoxy nanocomposites. Chemistry of
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LeBaron, P. C., Wang, Z., & Pinnavaia, T. J. (1999). Polymer-layered silicate nanocomposites:
an overview. Applied clay science, 15(1), 11-29.
Ray, S. S., & Okamoto, M. (2003). Polymer/layered silicate nanocomposites: a review from
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Vaia, R. A., Vasudevan, S., Krawiec, W., Scanlon, L. G., & Giannelis, E. P. (1995). New
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mica‐type silicates. Advanced Materials, 7(2), 154-156.
Yakobson, B. I., & Avouris, P. (2001). Mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes. In Carbon
nanotubes (pp. 287-327). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
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