Socrates was a sophisticated Greek Philosopher who is credited with being the founder of the western philosophy; his sophistication arises from bringing up broad-minded students like Plato and Xenophon. Socrates lived between 470- 399 BC and is regarded as one of the philosophers related to the western traditions, during his life he advocated for moral uprightness, therefore, he was also regarded as a moral philosopher. Furthermore, Socrates was raised by both parents; his father was a stone Manson and her mother was a midwife. Socrates in his tender age received a basic Greek education and it is believed that at some point he worked as a mansion. According to Dorion (2011), some of the ancient philosophers like Plato revealed that despite Socrates being a great teacher and philosopher he did not accept payment for his teachings hence the reason why he was poor. Through plays, Socrates is portrayed as a man of great insight was best at mastering and he had better argumentative skills (Santa, 2010). In addition, the life of Socrates is portrayed as enigmatic and had a mark in the history of intellectuals as a result of his death through poisoning.
Contextual analysis and Philosophy
Socrates was a firm believer that knowledge should be shared without being passed to others at a fee; furthermore, he suggested the knowledge should be pursued for its own sake without expecting any reward. During his time most of the philosophers were concerned with cosmology and how the universe functions, Socrates had a different trajectory whereby he sought to understand how human beings should behave (Santa, 2010). Socrates focused on studying human beings behavior; this made him one of the first philosophers to venture in the field of philosophy. Socrates played a fundamental role in establishing one of the greatest methodology used in ethics like the Socratic Method or “Elenchus”. He was a great philosopher who made a contribution in the field of Ethics, epistemology and Logic. Socrates played a critical role in paving a pathway for philosophical thoughts like Platonism, Neo-Platonism, Aristotelianism, Cynicism and Hedonism (Dorion, 2011). No one had knowledge regarding the teachers of Socrates but it is believed that the doctrines of Heraclitus and Anaxagoras seemed to guide his thoughts. Socrates was a firm upholder of virtue; this resulted in his death since his pursuit of truth clashed with the Athens authority.
The Socratic Method is still used to date to examine and expound on complex cases in law and daily issues in life. Socrates came up with a better way of solving complex problems; he suggested that one should break the problem into a series of questions. This will create a platform to enable one come up with solutions about a particular problem or come up with the truth regarding an issue. Santa (2010) stipulates that, the breaking of the problem into a series of questions results in rational thinking hence illuminating ideologies regarding better ways of solving a problem. Socrates was concerned about the immorality of the, therefore he advocated for people to seek moral values than concentrating on careers, families and political stature in the society. He suggested that people should concentrate on self-development since this will result in the establishment of a society that is morally upright and a true community.
My point of View on the philosophy
Socrates was a great philosopher who advocated for truth and justice in his daily life, his zeal to uphold the truth surpassed other features in life hence resulting in his death by poisoning. The philosopher upheld his doctrine concerning the truth to an extent of dismissing the political stipulations of his country, for example after Greek was defeated in the war with Persians he dismissed the authority. Although he upheld the truth he dismissed that there are points in life where an individual needs to balance between the societal need and individual requirement. After the war, the philosopher should have worked to encourage the country to believe more in herself and her doctrines. The philosopher is contradictory in some of his arguments, for example, he suggested that the soul is immoral an individual should pursue moral uprightness by focusing on self-development to an extent of ignoring his family. I find the argument a fallacy since ignoring family responsibilities as an individual is unethical; in addition, the philosopher should have portrayed a proper image by grooming well by asking payment for sharing knowledge instead of retreating to stone masonry.
Confucius
Confucius was one of the greatest philosophers in the Chinese history; the philosopher was viewed by the society as a teacher, editor and politician. Confucius was born in 551 BCE and died in 479 BCE; his ideological predisposition influenced the development, wellbeing and civilization of East Asia famously known as China. The philosopher was born in Qufu in an aristocratic family whose fortunes had depleted with time and had turned poor. Confucius father died while he was three years and he was under the care of his mum, he stipulated that he wanted to learn from a younger age that is 15 years where he tried to inquire about everything he came across in the temple. The philosopher is viewed by people to have lived a plain and life full of reality which was as a result of self-cultivation (Conklin & Lee, 2008). His life was self-made as he stipulates better analogies regarding life and he practiced what he formulated. Confucius was a thinker, who focused on building theories and models regarding ethical stipulations, the stipulations were concerned with family, how people should interact while in public and educational standards. Confucius is also regarded as a great figure in the philosophical history because the Chinese have followed his theories and stipulations for more than 2000 years.
Contextual analysis and philosophy
Confucius was a great philosopher who supported education; his aim was to ensure that education was available. The Philosopher started teaching at the age of 30 whereby he advocated that teaching should be considered as a vocation since it is integrated into a human being life (Burgan, 2009). The philosopher works are highly recognized as a result of his devotion and sacrifice to learn and teach throughout his life, he did this since he was sure this was a better way of creating a better society. The philosopher believed that education could transform and improve lives since it provided a platform for self-cultivation. The philosopher advocated for learning for all whereby he suggested that every individual should be given an opportunity to acquire education, furthermore, he explained that knowledge is not about the acquisition of knowledge only but it is the building of character.
Confucius was also firm a believer in ethics and moral he advocated that individuals should strive for inner peace in order to facilitate moral upright society (Burgan, 2009). In his works the philosopher advocated for harmonization between environment, government and an individual, the harmonization of an individual’s moral results in a cosmic harmony as individuals formulate better ways to coexist in the society peacefully. This form of analogy was referred as Confucianism, furthermore, the philosopher advocated for leading by examples. Confucius in his work suggested that leaders and teachers should lead by example; they should ensure they practice what they teach and should act as role models since they are the mirror of the society. Park & Chesla (2007) stipulate that, the philosopher came up with a new line of thought whereby he advocated for politicians to focus on building relationships more than institutions.
My point of view on Philosophy
Confucius was a sophisticated philosopher and a man of vision, whose idea was to ensure education for all since this was a sure way to bring positive change, transformation and improvement in the society. The philosopher lived his teaching, therefore, providing a platform for people to emulate him in the society; he lived a plain and life of reality as a result of self-cultivation. Theories advocated by the philosopher are straightforward since they are relatable to the current society, his belief in ethics and morality in order to formulate a straightforward society has a basis. I find the philosopher a believer in humanity since he believes that humans can change and improve their lives by looking at their inner moral harmony. Confucius’ theory regarding individuals retaining inner moral harmony contributes to the betterment of the universe.
Sheikh Zayed
The late Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan was the founding father of United Arab Emirates and was born in the year 1918. Sheikh Zayed was the grandson of Zayed bin Khalifa who was the ruler of Emirates from 1855 to 1909. The founding father of UAE received his education from a local teacher; he memorized the Quran and learned some issues of centrality in Islam (Stephens, 2008). Sheikh Zayed was known as a man of vision, wisdom and patience, these characteristics provided a platform for people to believe in him as a leader. Sheikh Zayed was chosen as the representative of the Eastern region in the Year 1946, after being chosen he fitted in the leadership position of the region without any difficulty as he was able to take on administrative duties. Sheikh Zayed is seen as a visionary leader in the UAE after his ascent to power as the ruler of Abu Dhabi one of the most influential positions in the country he advocated for sustainability development.
Contextual analysis and philosophy
Sheikh Zayed is considered as one of the most influential leaders in the Gulf who enabled the Emirates to harmonize and form one country. Zayed in his leadership position was determined to ensure that UAE is united and focuses on sustainable development, furthermore, the sheikh ascended into power in the year 1966 and from there he pushed for development and sustainability in order for the country to achieve the gold standard. According to Stephens (2008), Sheikh Zayed was a leader, who believed in first building trust among his people, he was sure that this was one of the ways that would enable him to unite the UAE. Sheik Zayed Built trust through constructive and positive interaction with the community and the local leaders this habit earned him the character man of the people. The Sheikh advocated for harmony, cohesion and solidarity alongside sustainable development agendas in order to ensure that UAE reaches the Gold Standard in terms of development and ways of life.
My point of view on Philosophy
Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan visions and philosophies are what have shaped the current UAE. To start with, his thought that the no drop of oil is precious than Arab blood influenced his quest for a United Arab Emirates in order to prevent future conflicts over resources, he did not want a repeat of past disputes; for instance the conflicts between Dubai and Abu Dhabi of 1945-1958. He led talks on Arab cooperation and on the 2nd of December 1971 the United Arab Emirates was formed (Zahlan, 2016). Besides that, Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan compassion on the needy the UAE was recognized as one of the nations on the forefront in providing assistance to the needy. The king’s vision and perception of equality influenced his efforts in women empowerment in order to strengthen the role played by women in the Emirati society. the king’s effort has yielded fruits as successive administrations in the UAE have put the mechanisms for women equality. Currently, over 70% of Emiratis in institutions of higher learning are women.
Niccolo Machiavelli
Niccolo di Bernardo Dei Machiavelli is regarded as the father of modern political science. Machiavelli was an Italian diplomat, political maestro, philosopher and politician during The Renaissance; a period between the 14th and 17th century that has been regarded as a link between the Middle Ages and Modernity. Niccolo Machiavelli was born on the 3rd of May 1469 in Florence Italy to the family of Bernardo di Niccolo Machiavelli and Bartolomea di Stefano Nelli of the old Marquesses of Tuscany descendants and he died on the 21sts of June 1527. Machiavelli was born at a time of wars of conquest between Italy, The Roman Empire, Switzerland, and France. Furthermore, his experiences in the military; served as the head of the Florentine resistance movement, and his career in leadership influences his controversial views on politics (Grant, 2008).
Contextual analysis and philosophy
According to the doctrine of Niccolo Machiavelli, politics is a dirty game in which a leader is only compelled to doing good as long as he can, nonetheless, he or she must be willing to take the way of the evil of for political survival (Grant, 2008). Consequently, in the arena of politics, the use of deceit, intimidation, the death of rivals, obliteration of opposition, the use of propaganda and dishonesty is justified in the quest for power. Furthermore, borrowing from the black swan theory, political leaders have to keep their political moves secret in order to succeed. Machiavelli underscores the need for ethical codes of conduct since in the arena of politics the end justifies the means. Consequently, upon ascent to powerful political Positions, the Machiavellian philosophy elaborates that preparedness for quelling dissents and threats to the throne should be the main focus of leaders. Therefore there is the need for preemptive strategies and deterrence in order to prevent black swan events that can alter the political order. For instance, instilling fear is a more effective strategy than making efforts to be loved.
Besides the political philosophies, Machiavelli made significant contributions to military strategies and through his treatise dubbed The Prince. Machiavelli conceptualized the essential foundations of war as being sound laws and a strong military force. He as well emphasized the need for effective strategies through boosting the morale of the infantry troops and relying on strong defenses; moreover he discouraged the use of mercenaries; argued that they lacked discipline, loyalty and were cowardly. In addition, Machiavelli developed the Art of War; a Socratic dialogue between Lord Fabrizio Colonna and Florentine aristocrats. The Art of War elaborates and analyzes the changes in warfare and military approaches owing to technological developments and the growth of European societies and economies (Hörnqvist, 2010). The art of war contained some 27 rules of war which emphasized the need for; discipline among troops, strong defenses, adequate training, vigilance in studying enemy forces, courage, hope and reward in war, change of strategies during the war and the selection is favorable battlegrounds.
My point of view on Philosophy
Machiavelli’s doctrine on political matters has served as a recipe for demagoguism and dictatorial regimes. Many are the times that leaders have used Machiavellian theories to crash opposition leaders and even citizens allied to opposing factions. Dictator such as Bashar Al Assad have utilized crude means to remain in power, for instance, according to Kahl &Goldenberg (2017), many are times that the Russian backed Syrian government has been accused of crimes against humanity through thousands of deaths from the use of chemical weapons. Furthermore, the Russian governments have been accused of deaths of those opposing the corrupt regime “mafia state” under Vladimir Putin, an example is the assassination of Alexandra Litvinenko, a former FSB officers turned journalist. The high profile death of Alexandra from polonium 210 isotopes, the first and only death from the radioactive substance is highly attributed to his criticism of the Russian government (Nemhauser, 2010). Furthermore, the philosophy has been used by many dictators in Africa such as Yoweri Museveni of Uganda and Joseph Kabila of Congo.
On matters military, the Machiavellian philosophies from the Prince and the Art of War treaties have shaped the modern battlefield and military systems. Elite, tier-one Special Forces operatives have managed to conduct clandestine operations with surgical precision, for instance, the killing of Osama Bin Laden in the Abbottabad Pakistan (Bowden, 2012). Such operations can be attributed to training and discipline among the forces; as highlighted by the 27 Rules of War. In addition, the emphasis on defense and effective strategies by Machiavellian philosophies has seen developments in deterrent strategies. For instance, the existence of nuclear stockpiles has seen the maintenance of world peace owing to the fear posed by threats of nuclear apocalypses. However, the very philosophies of strong militaries have seen arms races which are a threat to global peace and international order, for instance, the controversial Iran arms deal and the North Korean possession of Nuclear weapons.
Al-Farabi
Abu Nasr Muhammad ibn Muhammad Al Farabialso known as Alpharabius is largely regarded as the founder of philosophy with the Muslim world. Al Farabi was born in c. 872 and died in 950-1 in Damascus. Al-Farabi spent most of his time in Baghdad where he studied logic, medicine and Aristotle’s philosophy besides that he is also lectured and stayed in Aleppo. Al- Farabi is regarded as one of the greatest Islamic scholar and philosopher as a result of his contributions to; logic, education, psychology, philosophy, and Music(Leaman, 2013). As a matter of fact, his contributions to Aristotelian and Platonic philosophies are beyond measure.
Contextual analysis and philosophy
Despite the Influences of both Plato and Aristotelian thoughts, Al Farabi drew a huge chunk of his philosophy from Plato; consequently, he theorized an ideal society as one that is directed to the realization of happiness. Al Farabi sought to establish a city based on democracy through his Virtuous City and the realization of human excellence. To begin with, according to Al Farabi, human beings differ from other creations as they are not rendered perfect by nature; instead, man has to work to achieve perfection (Leaman, 2013). Through the provision of reason and knowledge, man becomes perfect he becomes happy, in fact; there is nothing beyond happiness that man cannot achieve. Human beings have to take part in activities that lead to perfection through physical and intellectual activities. However, perfection can only be achieved through discipline and emanating virtues activities as well as the differentiation between what is helpful and hindrances to perfection and happiness
Al Farabi philosophies on politics also elaborated on a Virtuous regime as one in which individuals cooperates with the aim of being ethical and becoming happy, furthermore, in a virtuous regime citizen work to distinguish and learn on rights and wrongs. Virtuous regimes are nonhereditary systems of government in which only the best rule over the rest of citizens who are classified into groups. In addition, a Virtuous regime provides equal opportunities for all citizens to rule and the criteria for leadership is an individual’s capacity to participate, pledge allegiance to the regime and the obedience of laws (Macarimbang, 2013). Al- Farabi divided regimes into three main categories. The first is one is an ignorant regime in which citizens have not had a chance to seek knowledge of divinity, happiness, and perfection in life. Citizens within these regimes are not aware of true happiness.
The second lot is one in which citizens are well aware of the need to choose happiness but they neglect to do so. On that score, such regimes are characterized by immorality; people neglect ethical codes of conduct. Worse off, these regimes live in oblivion as they only pursue low ends of perfection. Lastly, the third regime is characterized by individuals who have been feed with false information and corrupt opinions on happiness and perfection. Consequently, citizens of such regimes are accustomed to corrupt activities. Furthermore, their rulers are the type who leads through pretense; they were under the false impression of receiving disclosure without having done so. Nonetheless, such leaders may at one time been receiving true revelations only to be corrupted by false practices. Such regimes deeply contrast with righteous regimes as they lack a sense of direction. Moreover, the needs of individuals within such regime are confined to necessities in life, wealth and prosperity, imaginary pleasures, praise by fellow human beings and dominance over others (Schwartz, 2014). The above mentioned three regimes are also characterized by democratic practices in which citizens seek liberty to commit what they want.
My point of view on Philosophy
Al –Farabi’s philosophy is rather controversial because of conflicting views on democracy. At one time Al Farabi, in his six ends of various regimes portrays democracy in a negative sense in that he lists democracy as part of regimes that are opposed to virtuousness, yet he is regarded as the father of democracy in the Muslim world. Nonetheless, he viewed democracy as a system of government in which there is equality for changes in leadership; a Virtuous regime provides equal opportunities for all citizens to rule and the criteria for leadership is an individual’s capacity to participate in activities of the regime and conforming to its laws. On that score, he was in a way dissuading the use of authoritarian regimes and monarchies as he did not regard them as virtuous regimes that sought to find happiness and perfection of their citizens.
Despite the allusion of democracy as an essential component of a virtuous regime, many Arab states are not democratic. Compared to western nations, many essentials rights and freedoms are not available to citizens, for instance, the UAE and Saudi Arabian administrations only provide for some rights of expression. The UAE constitution forbids government criticism and that of its allies, on that score; it is difficult to point out wrongdoings by the government and this affects the transparency of the administration in place. Furthermore, access to certain media information is prohibited, for instance, Aljazeera is banned in the Saudi Arabia (Harb, 2011).
Leonardo da Vinci
Leonardo da Vinci was an Italian Renaissance philosopher who was born in 1452 and died 2nd of May 1529). Leonardo da Vinci was also a talented painter, engineer, and artist who is regarded as one of the brightest people of all time. Da Vinci spent much of his young days with one of the greatest painters who influenced his passion for arts. Later in his life, Da Vinci toured many places such as Milan, the great Roman Empire, and Venice. Leonardo da Vinci is credited as being a visionary who made sketches of machines that would only be invented year after his deaths, for instance, Leonardo da Vinci made sketches of what is a modern day battle tank and helicopter.
Philosophy and contextual analysis
Leonardo designed the concept of the renaissance in which he emphasized on individuals worth as a separate entity from religion through humanisms (Da Vinci, 2012). Furthermore, Key among his theories, Leonardo developed the mirror theory in which he urged artists to utilize the mirror as a learning point. According to Leonardo, the mirror, nature, and art were closely related as the mirror provided the reflection of beautiful sceneries that God created. In addition, he urged fellow artists to utilize apprenticeship in learning and insisted that they would only achieve perfection from continuous practices. However, despite the emphasis on the uses of the mirror Leonardo criticized the lack of creativity as it was a reflection of lack of critical thoughts and laziness.
My point of view on Philosophy
To begin with, Da Vinci emphasis on nature and art in influence the need to take care of the environment as it destruction would affect the beautiful scenery created by God, therefore impacting the quality of artworks produced by contemporary painter, Secondly, though his criticism on the lack of creativity, Leonardo encourages critical thinking which is not only effective in problem-solving but also in having a visionary mind. Lastly, Da Vinci’s numerous achievements in diverse fields( physics, art, philosophy, and aviation) highlight the cognitive capacities of the human mind that ought to be fully utilized.
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