How Internet of Things Will Solve Traffic Issues
Dear Student,
To build a traffic condition monitoring system, you need hardware and software
components as following:
– Sensors to collect traffic related data (e.g. accelerometer sensors in mobile
phones, and cameras in streets)
– A server that will get all this info, and analyze to determine traffic conditions, and
draw street maps with the resulting information
– A mobile application running on users phones and getting info from the server
about the street traffic conditions, and alternate routes.
In the literature review we have to write about the best available softwares
and then in the body we will compare between them in a table
Eg : table to compare software
-table for server
-table for sensor
-table for mobile application
Solution
Executive Summary
The Internet of Things is an emerging issue of both technical and economic significance,
and even of social significance. Everything including consumer products, cars, trucks, industrial
components, sensors, and many other things are associated with internet connectivity and data
anlysis strengths that guarantee to transform the way we work. It is believed that as many as 100
billion people are connected to Internet of Things gadgets and a world economic impact of more
than $11 trillion by 2005. Still, the Internet of Things raise tangible challenges that could stand in
the way of finding out its potential benefits. This overview study is designed to aid the Internet
Society navigate the dialogue surrounding the Internet of Things in light of the growing smart
cities and thus traffic congestions
Introduction
Recently, in the years over, the popularity of motor vehicles is making traffic more and
more crowded. The congestion has made it necessary to come up with ways of monitoring the
traffic, and the monitoring process has proved problematic in big city infrastructure all over the
world. The issues that eventually lead to a waste of time in the traffic include traffic congestions
and accidents, which eventually lead to property damage and environmental pollution. Such
challenges have lead to the development of better methods of traffic problems solution. The
appearance of Internet of Things (IoT) provides a new and better trend of intelligent traffic issues
solution.
Abu Dhabi, for example, is among the busiest cities in the world. Traffic jams happen in
Abu Dhabi nearly all the time. As the population rises, the menace is getting even worse, and the
number of automobiles grows on a daily basis. The transportation systems in the city and the
associated infrastructure are strained, and it is almost impossible to solve this problem without a
How Internet Of Things Will Solve Traffic Issues
technological intervention. The information produced by traffic Internet of Things and those
collected on all roads is presentable to the travelers and road users in general. The technology is
about connecting operatives together to make the urban traffic and the public road utility systems
more intelligent. Messages can be sent to commuters through their mobile phones to warn them
of current congestions in the traffic so that they may avoid finding themselves in the commotion
cause by traffic congestions. The Internet of Things plays a critical role by collecting data from
different sources for example cameras in traffic, road users’ cell phones, GPS in vehicles,
sensors on the roads and so on. The data is analyzed to work out the traffic flow at any given
time, and the patterns used to find out how best to make a maximum usage of roads and
transportation methods. This paper will give an insight into the traffic Internet of Things and the
technology surrounding Internet of Things, sensors and mobile phone as an hub in the system.
Literature Review
During the past few years, the Internet of Things usage has gained significant attention in
the industries and academia as it provides a great opportunity for cost savings and generation of
new revenue across a wide range of industries. The fundamental reasons for this popularity are
its capabilities. Internet of Things can be used to create the world where all smart objects of our
everyday life are connected to the internet and interact with each other with minimal human
involvement to reach a common goal (Xhafa, 2016). Ovidiu (2016) forecasts that the Internet if
Things will reach twenty-six billion units by the year 2020, up from nine hundred million just
five years ago. According to Holler, (2016) cities all over the world are to claim 1.9 trillion US
dollars in value from Internet of Things over the coming ten-year period by constructing smarter
cities on a foundation of smarter infrastructure by providing maximum traffic management.
How Internet Of Things Will Solve Traffic Issues
Traffic Data Analytical Softwares
First data analysis software is the Highway Capacity Software (HCS) was developed as a
full and faithful implementation of the Highway Capacity Manual (Xhafa, 2016). The use of the
HCS is, however, limited provided in the manual. The developers have felt the need to include
more functionality such like additional performance determinants, strange geometry, and design
features. Recently, additions have been included, expanding its functionality with either the
HCM instructions and imbedding them directly or by linking to the HCS. HCS is user-friendly
for estimating intersection capacity and service levels. It allows users to key in intersection
configuration data, traffic flows and signal phasing and timing data to compute stopped delay. It
does not perform timing designs.
Second, one is HCM/CINEMA. HCM/CINEMA combines the procedure for analyzing
isolated signalized intersection level of service with little simulation tool (Balandin, 2016). An
added feature top the necessary HCM procedure is that HCM/CINEMA maximizes the phase
splits in design applications. The user can view intersection graphics when data is being entered
to take note of slightest of simulations and animation of the results. Its animation feature is very
effective as a public relation tool, evaluation of timing plans, determining operational problems
such as queue formation and structural improvements.
Another type of software is Signal Operations Analysis Package (SOAP). SOAP can be
used to determine timing plans for pre-timed controllers and limited capabilities for actuated
controllers(Xhafa, 2016). It is included in the Wizard of Helpful Intersection Control Hints
(WHICH) package and, therefore, serves numerous users as a timing plan optimizer for use
association with WHICH-supported tools (Balandin, 2016). It performs multi-period analysis, it
optimizes cycle lengths and splits based on delay and stops.
How Internet Of Things Will Solve Traffic Issues
SIGNAL97 is software that can be used for analysis, signal timing optimization, and
design of intersection control. SIGNAL97 is founded on the 1997 update of the HCM and can
analyze existing conditions in the traffic and timing as well as generate signal-timing patterns
(Balandin, 2016). SIGNAL97 is flexible and capable of providing a full summary report showing
maximum queues, fuel consumption, emissions, the number of vehicles not moving mean and
total delay. It also offers a scheme for the best phase sequence. It is also capable of planning
even with new phasing and timing data.
Signalized and Unsignalized Intersection Design and Research Aid (SIDRA) is an
intersection-based program initiated by ARRB Transport Research, Ltd, in Australia as support
for efficiency, timing and performance analysis of isolated intersections (Xhafa, 2016). SIDRA
is very powerful. It has numerous graphic displays of cloverleaf geometry such as the number of
lanes, turning lanes including channelization. It works perfectly in roundabout intersections and
can analyze intersections with up to eight approaches.
Enhanced Value Iteration Process for Actuated Signals (EVIPAS) is an optimization and
simulation tool that can analyze and develop optimization tools as well as simulation tools
(Bessis, 2016). Its outputs include parameters of signals their settings, percentage stops,
operating costs, the delay time of the stops and the number of vehicles discharged. It can model
only single left-turn lane up to three through lanes, a single right –turn lane and intersections of
up to five approaches.control, and geometric configurations at individual intersections that are
divided. It helps in evaluating existing intersection designs for finding out the effect of changes
in the roadmap.
How Internet Of Things Will Solve Traffic Issues
Program Data Input Requirement OS Minimum Hardware Requirement
Traffic
volumes
Road
conditions
Geometry DOS Windows Pc
platform
Hard
disk
Exit
memory
monitor
HCS R R R N/A 95/NT 486 1 16 MB EGA/VG
HCM/CINEMA R R R 3.1 R AT 3 640 KB
SOAP R R R 3.0 N/A3.1,95,
NT
AT 1 640KB CGAEGA/VGA
SIGNAL97 R R R 3.0 R AT 1 640KB
(DOS)
VGA
SIDRA R R R N/A N/A 386 10 4MB EGA/VGA
TEXAS R R R 3.0 N/A 386 4 8MB VGA
EVIPAS R R R 3.0 N/A 386 4 4MB EGA/VGA
R- required N/A- not applicable DOS windows version
Sensors
Sensors are now found in many varied applications like smart phones, automotive
systems, industrial control, healthcare, oil exploration, and many other places. Sensor fusion
creates a situation whereby the whole is superior and much better than the parts forming it. It
enables context awareness, and this is the basis of Internet of Things. Sensors would fit in cars
and place on roads. When this is done, congestion would be monitored wirelessly, and
information would be sent to a central traffic system, a hub that brings data together, compiles
and analyzes and gives feedback to vehicles on the road. The control system would react by
WiFi and impose speed limits if there were traffic congestion.
How Internet Of Things Will Solve Traffic Issues
Primary sensor fusion like e-compass contains a combination of a 3D magnetometer and
3D accelerometer, which provides compass functionality. Accelerometer x- and y- and z- axis
have linear motion sensing but are sensitive to vibration. Gyroscopes, pitch, roll, and yaw have
rotational sensing but with zero drift bias. Sensor fusion usually takes back-to-back input from
the multiple sensors, processes the information, and creates an output that is greater than the total
of its parts. By using special algorithm and filtering techniques, sensor fusion eliminates the
defects of each single sensor. Sensor fusion improves capabilities that make work easier. Lack of
standardization is the major challenge facing sensors and their use. Most operating systems ask
for the most fundamental data which prevents the full use of sensor capabilities and strengths.
The sensor is what the Internet of Things requires becoming a reality (Bessis, 2016).
Example of sensors used include ultrasonic sensors that are priced around US $ 350-500,
passive acoustic detector array, piezoelectronic sensors, photoelectric sensors, indusive loop
detector, Intelligent Video Sensor (IVS) and Video Image Processor (VIP).
Mobile application
The mobile phone is the hub of Internet of Things (Bessis, 2016). In this network where
objects are internet-enabled, your cell phone will sit in the center of connection of webs. The
mobile phone will help orchestrate the interactions of the things around the Internet of Things
and provide real-time access to all sorts of information including where one goes, the people they
meet, and the contents that are available there. A phone, therefore, is an application that must be
part of an Internet of things.The examples of mobile applications used include the Intelligent
Transportation Systems (ITS), the Global Positioning System (GPS), Vehicular Cloud
Computing, and Electronic Toll Collection.
How Internet Of Things Will Solve Traffic Issues
Analysis
Internet of Things is a network that could help solve traffic issues amicably since it aims
at reducing the number of personnel in traffic congestion management. Traffic congestion
mitigation, advanced traffic management strategies, non-construction-based improvements, and
signal timing and re-timing are among the areas in which traffic operations tool have proved
useful in about 40% of the cities in the world over that have embraced traffic management by
use of Internet of Things. Simulations, capacity analysis, traffic signal timing analysis and
optimization are the aspects of traffic management that have been improved by adoption of this
scientific method of traffic control.
The number of cameras and sensors incorporated in the infrastructure would help in
actually capturing and communicating hiccups in the transport system. The more of both devices,
the better. The interactions between the devices to note alteration in the ordinary flow of traffic
and finally communication the changed to the users of the roads is also dependent on the phone
software that the users have. The phone is the hub and center of information relaying. If 80% of
users have the software-enabled phones, Internet of Things will be effective.
Conclusion
Internet of Things, as discussed above, can deal with traffic congestion in three main
ways; monitoring the traffic to ensure normal flow, detecting any abnormal flow, delay or
interference, communicating to advise the user on an alternative route as the problem is solved.
Internet of Things is, therefore, an effective way of addressing traffic issues through continuous
monitoring and communication.
How Internet Of Things Will Solve Traffic Issues
References
Balandin, I. (2016). Internet of Things, Smart Spaces, and Next Generation Networks and
Systems. Google Books. Retrieved 8 March 2016, from
https://books.google.com/books?id=XBNcCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA255&dq=How+Internet+of
+Things+Will+Solve+Traffic+Issues&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=How%20
Internet%20of%20Things%20Will%20Solve%20Traffic%20Issues&f=false
Bessis, B. (2016). Big Data and Internet of Things: A Roadmap for Smart Environments. Google
Books. Retrieved 8 March 2016, from
https://books.google.com/books?id=tEC5BQAAQBAJ&pg=PA31&dq=How+Internet+of+
Things+Will+Solve+Traffic+Issues&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=How%20I
nternet%20of%20Things%20Will%20Solve%20Traffic%20Issues&f=false
Holler, F. (2016). From Machine-to-Machine to the Internet of Things: Introduction to a New
Age of Intelligence. Google Books. Retrieved 8 March 2016, from
https://books.google.com/books?id=wtfEAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA283&dq=How+Internet+of+
Things+Will+Solve+Traffic+Issues&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=How%20I
nternet%20of%20Things%20Will%20Solve%20Traffic%20Issues&f=false
Ovidiu, I. (2016). Internet of Things: Converging Technologies for Smart Environments and
Integrated Ecosystems. Google Books. Retrieved 8 March 2016, from
https://books.google.com/books?id=uxs1aEraPv4C&pg=PA143&dq=How+Internet+of+Th
ings+Will+Solve+Traffic+Issues&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=How%20Inte
rnet%20of%20Things%20Will%20Solve%20Traffic%20Issues&f=false
How Internet Of Things Will Solve Traffic Issues
Xhafa, I. (2016). Internet of Things and Inter-cooperative Computational Technologies for
Collective Intelligence. Google Books. Retrieved 8 March 2016, from
https://books.google.com/books?id=VlK5BQAAQBAJ&pg=PA167&dq=How+Internet+of
+Things+Will+Solve+Traffic+Issues&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=How%20
Internet%20of%20Things%20Will%20Solve%20Traffic%20Issues&f=false
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