Comparison of learning theories
There are five main paradigm of learning theories; behaviorism, cognitivism, social,
psychodynamics and humanism
1-Behaviorism:
Definition is a learning theory in which behavior can be seen and explained
by external factors and behavioral conditioning can be used as a worldwide
learning process mainly used with children or young generation. In
behaviorism, the ideas of positive and negative strengthening are effective
tools of learning and behavior modification, as well as a punishment and
reward system.(the carrot and the stick)
-In this learning type we should ignore the individual thoughts and focus with
observing his attitude and behavior to set the proper environment and
obtained the desired changes
(Bigge & Shermis, 1992; Hilgard & Bower, 1966)
In order to modify people’s attitudes and responses:–altering the stimulus
conditions in the environment (p.p.p dr.rania)
-in this learning theory the learner is passive, where he needs an emphasizing
on external factors in order to reward him instead of initiating it from his self
– The task of the educator is to keep stimuli the learner till he changed his
behavior
– Motivation is explained as the desire to reduce some drive (drive-reduction.
• – Transfer of learnt behavior from the initial learning situation to other
settings is:
● a matter of practice (strengthening habits)
● a similarity in the stimuli and responses between the learning situation
and future situations where the response is to be performed
● Emphasis on external factors and rewards (Materialistic view) instead of
self-initiative, a love of learning,and intrinsic satisfaction.
• The modified behavior might deteriorate over time
• Satisfied, or satiated individuals have little motivation to learn and
change.
2-Cognitivism is a learning theory in which the learner uses his brain to re
call the knowledge from the memory to comprehension application, analysis
,synthesis and evaluation. In this theory, learner learn most effectively through
reading text and lecture instruction.
-Cognitive skills promote long term learning as it allows you to connect
previous knowledge with new materials. It helps you merge old and new
information and apply both effectively.
-in this theory the learner r is viewed as active
-The educator is also playing actively with the learner supporting them inorder
to help them to overcome the problem and reach to the top
Cognitive skills promote long term learning as it allows you to connect previous knowledge with
new materials. It helps you merge old and new information and apply both effectively.
A second major goal of the cognitive model is to provide adequate
experiences in which students structure the learning and teaching themselves
–
3-Social Learning theory is a learning theory of process and social behavior
which need to observe and imitate the role model and it is extending beyond
the educator and the learner relationship
– Social learning theory is based partially on behaviorist principles, the self-
regulation and the control that the individual shows in the learning process are
critical and reflect cognitive principles
The learner is active
The educator Responsibility is placed on the educator or leader to act as an
exemplary role model and to choose socially healthy experiences for
individuals to observe and repeat (requiring the careful evaluation of learning
materials as mixed or hidden messages, and negative effects).
Attention to the learner’s “self-system” and the dynamics of self-regulation
may help sort out the varying effects of the social learning experience.
Motivational the 4 step in the green presentation
– The major difficulty is that this theory is complex and not easily
operationalized, measured, and assessed.
4-Psychodynamic learning theory is a learning theory based on the
evidence that not all learning or motivation is conscious it can be unconscious
too in which their will be a prcess in mental ,emotionand behavior as a result
of experience.it is a continuous and life long process for the learner to gain
knowledge ,skill in order to change and modify their attitude ,feeling and
actions.
“The learner may not be aware of their motivation and why they feel ,think and
act as they do” reference handout…
The most primitive source of motivation comes from the id and is based on
libidinal energy
5-Humanism focuses on the individual as the subject and states that learning
is a natural process that helps a person reach self-actualization. Scenarios
and role modeling are important factors in humanistic learning, as are
experiences, exploring and observing others.
�� Teachers act as coaches, facilitators, or guides as their learners are
sampling and manipulating information in multiple formats.
�� The teaching of facts is replaced by teaching students how to learn. The
goal is to teach students to find, evaluate and use information to tackle
the challenges they encounter along the way
Solution
Comparison of Learning Theories
Introduction
The five paradigms of learning describe how individuals learn thus assisting medical
professions and other educators to understand the inherently multifaceted process of learning.
Therefore it is of great importance to understand these theories to provide sufficient support and
inspire other students to succeed. The act of conceptualizing information can be hard for some
students however students learn in diverse ways to respond to different styles of teaching to
advance in their learning process. The learning theories exhibited by different learners include
behaviorism, social learning, humanism, psychodynamic and cognitivism theories. Below are the
five different theories of learning which form the basic objective of this paper.
Task 1
Learning theories and their aspects
i. Behaviorism:
Behaviorism theory assumes that the behavior is evoked by the antecedent stimuli in the
environment hence being affected by the motivation state together with regulating the stimuli.
The learner is coerced to learn where punishments contingencies and reinforcements are applied.
In this case, the learning process requires emphasizing external aspects thus regarding the learner
as passive. According to Bates (2019), the trainer should breakdown the complex educator task
into smaller tasks that are easily comprehended by the learner. Henceforth, the instructor ought
to ensure the intrinsic satisfaction of the learner and incorporate love of learning by issues
tangible rewards. The transfer of learning is largely determined by the pleasance of the
environment the learner is subjected to and the conditions of new situations may deteriorate the
motivation of learning. The theory often applies to individuals at a tender age.
COMPARISON OF LEARNING THEORIES 3
ii. Social learning theory
Learners accommodating this theory tend to observe and imitate another person viewed
as a role model thus making the environment an unessential aspect in the learning process.
However, the learners are internally motivated thus making it hard to measure and assess the
learning capability. The students under this category are often active hence making it easy to
relate with the instructor. The task issued to the learners can be conveyed in a complex manner
since the learners are eager to know more about the information processed to them. Most often,
reinforcement is not necessary during the learning process since the learner is self-motivated. On
the other hand, students can apply acquired skills and strategies to new situations since they are
well conceptualized.
iii. Psychodynamic learning theory.
This theory suggests that not all motivation and learning are conscious but it is influenced
by the experience of the learner and largely determined by the emotions and behaviors the
learner portrays during the learning process. Therefore, the environment largely affected the
learning capacity since the agility of the learner is determined by the environment. The educator
tasks ought to be broken down to make the learner understand and conceptualize the main ideas
regardless of the previous negative or positive experiences. This theory is a theory of motivation
where the educator emphasizes emotions instead of cognition and response. Moreover, transfer
of learning is not efficiently applied since the emotions may be subject to a new situation and
affected negatively.
iv. Humanism
COMPARISON OF LEARNING THEORIES 4
In this case, humanism helps an individual attain self-realization and learning is a natural
process where the ideal learning environment makes the learner produce their best. Role
modeling and scenarios greatly influence the inner dynamics of learners for they are essential
factors in humanistic learning. Teachers serve as coaches whose objectives are to train students
to manipulate useful information capable of solving problems tackled along the way and the
learners are said to be active. Educators ought to provide easy and motivating tasks for the
learners to notice the validity of information and make the learning process essential. Likewise,
learners need to be motivated to enhance their learning skills. When exposed to new situations,
learners can interpret the challenges and efficiently deliver solutions as they tend to reach self-
actualization (Bates, 2019).
v. Cognitivism
Cognitivism learning theory suggests that learners process new information mentally thus
being able to connect past information with the current information hence displaying aspects of
internal motivation and self-driven motives. Therefore, environmental conditions don’t influence
the learning capability of the students rather they recall past knowledge to analyze the current
situation thus making them active participants. The educator task should not be too complex to
enable the learners to recall previously acquired knowledge and relate to present tasks. Since the
ideas learned to remain in the mind of the learner, they can transfer knowledge and skills to new
situations and such skills, initiate long term learning as learners can relate previous knowledge
with new materials.
Task 2:
Learning theories examples and justification
i. Behaviorism:
COMPARISON OF LEARNING THEORIES 5
Behaviorism can also be termed as a type of classroom management. Behaviorists
suggest that learners are shaped entirely by the stimuli from the external environment. If you
alter a learner’s environment, you will alter their thoughts, feelings, and behavior. The theory is
based on punishments and rewards. According to behaviorists, when educators provide positive
reinforcement or rewards, whenever learners perform the desired behavior, they will adapt to do
the behavior on their own. The same concept translates to punishments. Aubrey and Riley
suggested that behaviorists think individuals act in response to both internally or externally
spawned physical stimuli. Hence, they consider human behavior to be the product of one's
environment. A typical example of behaviorism is when educators reward their class with a
special treat at the end of the day for good behavior throughout the day. The same model is used
with punishments. The tutor can cart off certain privileges if the leaners misbehave. The system
mostly applies to young individuals to coerce them to do the right things since they cannot direct
themselves.
ii. Social learning theory
Social learning theory suggests that a learner imitates a role model and tends to copy the
way of doing things. The theory entails a process that includes paying attention, retention,
reproduction and finally motivation. Besides, the theory indicates that learning is a cognitive
process occurring in the social context and can happen through observation and direct instruction
and when forced, it is referred to as vicarious reinforcement (Sellers and Akers, 2018). Besides
the behaviors can be obtained through rewards and punishment. For instance, when a tutor
decides to coach their students on physical education as a co-curriculum activity, through
observation, the learner will acquire new skills needed to play football. The system is essential
for the learners will be motivated and imitate what is being done.
COMPARISON OF LEARNING THEORIES 6
iii. Psychodynamic learning theory.
The theory is a compilation of psychological theories emphasizing the essence of drives
in human functioning most often unconscious drives. The theory holds that childhood experience
forms the foundation of adulthood behavior and personality. Moreover, the theory can be used by
the therapist and psychologists in psychoanalysis where a person is assisted to reveal
unconscious thoughts and wants. However, the theory is not credited since it lacks scientific
data. The system is appropriate because of the experience of an individual where the learner has
an idea in their minds which is needed to solve new challenges.
iv. Humanism
One key characteristic of humanism theory is the aspect of self-directed learning, which
involves learners studying what they want and need to learn, not what the educator arbitrarily
decides is important to them. In this way, the tutor becomes more of a facilitator than a
disciplinarian. Instead of insisting and coercing them, learners like the teacher, learn a
prescriptive lesson plan and therefore, teachers support the learners to follow their passions.
When professors, for instance, lecture to the psychology students, they help them follow their
passions to reach the level of self-realization and be psychologists. The model is most suitable
since the students are self-driven and they know what they need since learning is a natural
process.
v. Cognitivism
The cognitive theory involves the acquisition of knowledge and skills where the learners
acquire the ability to apply information to new situations to solve new emerging challenges. At
school, for example, when students know about addition and subtraction, they can transfer the
COMPARISON OF LEARNING THEORIES 7
same idea to solve related mathematics in the future and also when they use the idea to create a
personal budget to help them save funds to purchase a new video game. The model is suitable in
this case since the transfer is a term that denotes obtaining conclusions and solving new
challenges using information that was absorbed in a different context. Salute to theorists like
Jean Piaget, it is well understood how the brain performs when new information is studied, and
the knowledge can be transferred to the classroom.
Conclusion
In different fields of professions, teaching is involved where the managers are supposed
to convey important information to the junior workers. At schools, teachers must also
comprehend the different types applied by the learners to deliver effective information to
students with great impact since different individuals accommodate diverse styles of learning
influenced by internal and external aspects. Such aspects include the environment, role models,
drives, and interests. Theories of cognitivism, humanism, behaviorism, social learning, and
psychodynamic learning are the learning theories applied by students and are effective in a
different environment and different learners.
COMPARISON OF LEARNING THEORIES 8
References
Aubrey, K., & Riley, A. (2018). Understanding and using educational theories. SAGE
Publications Limited.
https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=DHR0DwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=P
P1&dq =+humanism+learning++theory+2018&ots=2S-
2SfaEf4&sig=zES0xHzcIqg4yiEiLXH7pX4WaKE&redir_esc=y
Bates, B. (2019). Learning Theories Simplified: and how to apply them to teaching. SAGE
Publications Limited.
https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=W35_DwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&
dq=learning+theories+2019&ots=h_W0YIzOm0&sig=Qm1eC7IZ1Pc6IwYDUf1lAuZ_
wQk&redir_esc=y.
Sellers, C. S., & Akers, R. L. (2018). Social learning theory: Correcting misconceptions. The
essential criminology reader (pp. 89-99). Routledge.
https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/e/9780429496592/chapters/10.4324/978042949
6592- 11
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